How to operate an old camera

Description
In the follow-up to cleaning an old camera, I show how to operate the Graflex Series B. Then I reveal the results from the first roll of film through it in five decades after processing the film using the negative to digital conversion steps from a previous episode.

More about this camera: http://www.hookedonlight.com/2012/10/treasures-from-time-graflex-rb-series-b.html

Transcript
In this episode of the House of Hacks I'm going to show how to operate this old Graflex camera.

Hi Makers, Builders and Photographers. Harley here.

In this previous episode I first showed this new-to-me camera that explained how the light travels through it and did a little cleaning on it. I mentioned in that video that I was going to be taking it out, run some film through it and report back on how it turned out.

I tried taking video out in the field but it didn't work out too well logistically so I'm going to do this episode here in the workshop.

Today I'm going to talk about the actual operation of this camera. I'm going to talk about how to load the film, how to set the exposure, both the aperture and shutter speed, how to take a picture and finally take a look at some of the first images out of this camera in over fifty years. If at any time you want to skip to a specific portion of this video, just click the appropriate menu item over here.

This camera model had available to it different backs. Each back took a different type of film which allowed you to change film types from one image to the next. You could also have multiple backs of the same type and put different types of film in them. This allowed you to shoot the same type of film but different varieties. Like black and white and color or different film speeds. Mine came with a carrier for 120 film which is really nice because 120 film is still made and manufactured. It's readily available. Amazon carries it. You can get it at your local camera store.

To start loading the film you move this little bar which frees up the carrier, the back to come off. This is what a 120 back looks like. To open this up you pinch these silver bars together and it just opens up like this. Inside here there's a film carrier, like so. There's a place for the supply reel. The film comes around here, this is what faces the shutter, rolls around and goes onto a take-up reel. The take-up reel, when a roll of film is finished, just free-rolls forever, like this. When you want to put in a new roll of film, you just manually click this over to the "S" position, you can hear that click, and now you're ready to load a roll of film.

So, we'll take this film out of the box. It comes in air-tight, light-tight packaging to keep the film fresh. There's a piece of tape here, you just break the seal across here. Sometimes it's easier said than done. Oh, this one just peel off, that's kind of nice. Different brands of film will do that a little differently.

The film goes in here, and it's just spring loaded, so you just put it in like so. You want to make sure this is in such that the film emulsion, the black part, is coming out from the bottom like this. This is so when it wraps around like this it's facing into the camera. It then rolls around and you put this little piece of flap in the slot like so and you just wrap it up. See how that slipped out? I've had that happen before. You want to make sure that when you start rolling this that it's actually engaged. There's nothing more frustrating than to think you've shot a whole roll of film only to open this up and find it's still at the start. There we go. Once we have it loaded on about one roll like that we want to put it back in here like so. And then we want to roll this around until it gets to "1." It stops when it gets to "1" and this is now -- put it right back on the back of the camera. The camera is now loaded with film and ready to shoot.

Exposure is made up of three things: film speed, aperture and shutter speed. This is commonly called the exposure triangle. We're going to talk about how to set this on the Graflex.

First, film is measured in ISO units that typically have values of 100, 200, 400 and so forth. Kind of powers of two. In digital cameras you can change this on the fly from one image to the next and you can also have partial settings on the ISO numbers between those power of two numbers. With film, each roll of film has a specific value and so once you put a roll of film in the camera that's what you have to work with until you take that film out. On the Graflex this is a little bit different because the backs are interchangeable so if you have multiple backs you can put different film in each back and change the backs from one image to the next, if you so desire.

The second leg of the exposure triangle is the aperture. This controls how much light comes through the lens and is measured in units called f/stops. Each f/stop either doubles or halves the amount of light coming through the lens. The larger the number, the smaller the hole and the less light that comes through but the greater the depth of field. On the other hand, the smaller the number, you get a larger hole that lets more light through but you have a shallower depth of field. The aperture blocks off this light with vanes that are controlled by either rings or levers that outside around the lens. Different lenses have different ranges. This particular lens opens up to f/5.2 and closes down to f/22.

The last leg of the exposure triangle is the shutter speed. This controls how much of the light that's going through the aperture actually makes it through to hit the film. In most cameras, there's a dial that you turn to set the shutter speed to what you want it to be and the camera just takes care of the rest. The Graflex however is quite different. It has a long piece of fabric in it with four different slits in it of different sizes. This fabric is rolled up on rollers that are then attached to some springs. The spring can have variable tensions set on them. So to set the shutter speed, you look on the side of the camera on a chart that has all the different shutter speeds on it. You find the shutter speed you want and read across to the left side to find the slit to use and read up the column to find the tension to use. There's then two controls on the camera that you set to these two values. To set the slits value, first of all make sure this lever is in the down position. That puts the mirror down and also engages the latch for the winding mechanism. Next, wind this knob until the value that's indicated by the chart shows up in this little window. If you find you've gone too far, you can use this release lever to back up to previous settings. To set the tension value, simply turn this knob on the bottom of the camera. If you find you've gone too far, you can back up by pressing this little release knob.

To determine the proper exposure values to use, you usually use a light meter. This is an older model that's very simple. It has a photosensor and a meter in it. The meter has a little red indicator on it. To use it, simply point it at the scene and rotate this dial to line up a green indicator to match the red indicator. You then set the film speed to match what you have in your camera and then directly read out on the chart here that tells you what shutter speed to use for which aperture you want to use. Very simple to use. Never fails. No batteries required. This is a newer version of the same thing. It's bigger. Requires batteries. But it also has a few new features. It does have a manual mode on it though so you can set the ISO on the film and find out what aperture and shutter speed to use to get a proper exposure. However, when I'm out in the field taking pictures, I'm always going to have my SLR with me and it has a built in meter so I just use it. I set it to manual mode, set the ISO to match the film I have loaded in the camera, and then center the needle on the meter by changing the f/stop and the shutter speed to be what I want it to be. I can then take a picture to make sure I have the correct exposure that I want in the camera and then I can just take those three values and apply them on the Graflex and be ready to go.

Once you have your exposure values, you're ready to make your image. The first thing of course to do is to frame and focus. I find it's best to do this with your aperture wide open so you can actually see what you're doing. Focus is controlled by this knob on the side which all it does is move the lens closer or further away from the film plane. To do both your framing and focusing, you use the viewfinder here on top and just look down through here, adjust your frame and then do your focus. Once all that's done, then you can dial in your aperture to what's appropriate for this particular image. Once all your exposure values are set, your shutter speed and aperture, you already have your film in there, you're ready to take your image. I find this works best as a four step dance. You just do each step right in sequence after the other without interruption. Step one is remove this plate from the film. This exposes the film to the inside of the camera. Two is to press the shutter release that's over on this side. Three is to put the plate back in. And four is to advance the film. I find that if I don't do this each and every time that I'll forget a [step] -- usually to either take this plate out, which results in no image, or I'll forget to advance the film, which results in double exposure, neither of which you really want. Once all the film has been used, it'll all be on the take-up reel; none will be left on the supply reel. Unlike 35 mm cameras where you reverse the film back into the canister, you just leave it on the take-up reel in this one. Take the back off to a darkish location, just like you used to load the film, open up the back, and on the end of the film will be a moisture sensitive adhesive. Lick that and stick it to the film. That'll keep it from unwinding, coming off the roll and ruining your film. Keep it in a dark location as you take it to your film processor for developing. And finally, take what used to be the supply reel that's now empty, take it off, put it in the take-up reel position and put in a new roll of film and you're ready to go again.

I ran a roll of film through the camera and took it to a local lab for processing and scanning. I had no idea what to expect since this is the first film that had been through the camera in over fifty years. I didn't know if it might have light leaks or some other problem with the camera that had caused it to fall into disuse. I received the scans via e-mail and opened them up and found them to all be identical. This was pretty surprising since I'd done exposure bracketing from one frame to the next and expected to have different exposures. I picked up the film in person a couple days later and sure enough they did have different exposures from one frame to the next. So the camera was working just perfectly. As it turned out, the scanner was in auto mode and it had adjusted the exposure on each frame to be what it thought it should be, negating the exposure bracketing I'd done. So, lesson learned is next time I need to have them turn off auto mode, if I've done exposure bracketing, in order to get the proper exposures on each frame.

I used the negative to digital conversion process I described in this video to get digital images that had the correct aspect ratio and exposure values. I'm very pleased with the way these images turned out.

[music]

I'll probably be doing more with this camera in the future. I may even do some developing if I do a lot with it.

If you have any questions or comments, leave them in the comments section below. And subscribe if you're interested in maker related videos. And here's a play list of other photography related videos that I've made.

Until next time, go make something. It doesn't have to be perfect, just have fun!

How to clean an old camera

Description
In this episode, I clean my recently acquired Graflex camera in preparation of shooting some film with it.

More about this camera: http://www.hookedonlight.com/2012/10/treasures-from-time-graflex-rb-series-b.html

Transcript
On this episode of the House of Hacks, I'm going to try cleaning up this really old camera.

Hi Makers, Builders and Photographers. Harley here.

On today's episode I'm going to do a brief overview of this camera and then we'll start cleaning it. I'll start with the outside, move to the lens and finally do the viewfinder.

A number of months ago, my Dad gave me a bunch of old cameras and this is one of them. It's a vintage 30s or 40s Graflex RB series B camera. It's a SLR and it was bought new by my maternal great-grandfather. My grandparents gave it to my Dad about the time I was born. I don't ever remember him using it or putting any film through it. I have no idea when the last was this was used. But, after I got it, I started looking at it and playing around, taking a look at it. The focus works. The aperture seems to work. The shutter release works. The film advance works. And so, I don't see any reason why this can't take pictures. I'm going to clean it up. It's been sitting in storage for who knows how many decades. So, it's dirty, but other than that it seems to be just in perfect shape. I'm going to clean it up; document the cleaning in this episode and in a future episode I anticipate showing the operation of it and some images that it makes.

An interesting things about the Graflex is it is an SLR. When we usually think of SLR, we think of something a little bit more modern where the light path comes through the lens, hits a mirror, up through a prism mechanism and then through the viewfinder. When the shutter is released, the mirror pops up, the light hits the shutter, the shutter releases and exposes the film or sensor. The Graflex is a little bit different. In its case, the light comes through the lens and hits a mirror, but then it bounces up and hits a ground glass plane. This ground glass gives you an image that's actually size for size the same as what the film will see. So, you can see exactly the framing you're going to get and the focus that you have. But again, when the shutter is released, the mirror will pop up, the light will come back, the shutter will release and the film will be exposed in the same way.

First I'm going to clean the outside with some compressed air, a terry cloth towel and some mild detergents.

Right now I have the lens in the down position to be able to focus and see through the viewfinder. This button on the side will cause that mirror to pop up. Now there's a clear path through the camera to the film. If we take the back off -- I have the shutter in what's equivalent in a modern camera to bulb mode, where the shutter's open. And if we look down through here we can see straight through the body with the lens on the other side. So, the only thing that we really need to clean in order to get the best picture possible is the lens. So, I'll tackle that next.

The lens comes in two parts. First is this outer part that just screws off. And the interesting thing about this is it has interchangeable lenses. This is kind of the standard focal length lens I guess you would say that's on here. And you can get another one that is more of a telephoto lens that was popular with portrait photographers. I'm going to use some 91% isopropyl alcohol and a lens cloth and clean this off, blow it off with some air and then we'll do the next half.

The second half of this lens contains the aperture and an objective behind it. If you look at this, it's kind of interesting. Modern lenses have between five and nine vanes in the aperture. And this one, I counted around and there is fifteen vanes. I'm not quite sure why there's so many more vanes on this versus a modern camera. I'm not quite sure the optics or physics behind it. I just thought it was kind of interesting. If we unscrew this I can get to the objective behind and this is considerably cleaner than the front lens was. With the aperture opened up all the way I can get to the front and obviously the back is no problem.

Well, that took a lot more elbow grease than I expected to get the front objective clean. It was really, really grimy. Much more grimy than I expected. The good new though is after I got the aperture mechanism apart, I realized the back objective actually screws in so it was much easier to clean the front part of the objective than I was expecting. So now I can put everything back together and move on to the next thing.

Since the camera is operational, really all I need to do is clean things up. If I look through the viewfinder here, we can see all these nasty black spots all over the place. For the most part this is just on the mirror or the ground glass. The lens wouldn't show up this way and that really the only thing that would impact the image quality on the film. So, while I have it open, I'll go ahead and clean this up, blow everything out and try to get rid of these spots just on general principles but they don't really impact image quality on the film itself.

So if we look inside here -- I have the mirror flipped down now -- if we look inside here we can see the mirror and the ground glass is up around the bend, we can't really see it too well. But we can see the mirror. I'm going to basically use the microfiber cloth and rubbing alcohol to clean the lens and I'm going to try to get up around the corner there on the ground glass as best as I can and blow it out with some compressed air.

Well, I think that's about all I can do for today. I think it's about time to button it up and I'll do a final test tomorrow when the sun comes back out. Cleaning the mirror was a bit more tricky than I expected it to be. It was in there deeper than I thought and it was just hard to get to. I wasn't able to get to the ground glass at all on the bottom. I was able to get to the top and that was probably the most grime that I've removed from the camera in any one particular area through this whole thing. Just kind of spot checking right now, as best as I can tell, it actually does look a lot better. I'll check tomorrow with another image; kind of an after shot from the before shot that I showed before to see how it really looks. But that's it for tonight. Time to button it up.

Well, that's what it looks like through the viewfinder now. It looks a lot better than it did before. I'm really pleased with the way it cleaned up. Amazingly, the dirtiest part of the whole camera, the part that got the most grime off of, was the top of the outside of the ground glass. That was just amazingly dirty and I think it made a huge difference on this particular image. The lens was also more dirty than I realized it was and took quite a bit of elbow grease to clean it off. But it's all nice, sparkly, shiny now, ready to go out and take some pictures.

That about wraps up this episode. I recently got a couple rolls of film and plan on taking the camera out this weekend to see how it performs. In a couple weeks, I should have a follow-up video going over the operation and see how the images actually turned out.

Thumbs up if you like this video and I'd love to hear from you if you have any questions or comments. Be sure to subscribe to find out about future videos.

Until next time, go make something. It doesn't have to be perfect, just have fun!